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He was returned to the city when the Persian Wars began. Pericles was married to a woman whose name is not mentioned by Plutarch, but who was a close relative. They had two sons, Xanthippus and Paralus, and divorced in B. Both sons died in the Plague of Athens. Pericles also had a mistress, perhaps a courtesan but also a teacher and intellectual called Aspasia of Miletus , with whom he had one son, Pericles the Younger.
Pericles was said by Plutarch to have been shy as a young man because he was rich and of such stellar lineage with well-born friends that he was afraid he'd be ostracized for that alone. Instead, he devoted himself to a military career, where he was brave and enterprising. Then he became a politician. His teachers included the musicians Damon and Pythocleides.
Pericles was also a pupil of Zeno of Elea. Zeno was famous for his logical paradoxes, such as the one in which he was said to have proven that motion can't occur. His most important teacher was Anaxagoras of Clazomenae B. Anaxagoras is best known for his then-outrageous contention that the sun was a fiery rock. The first known public event in Pericles' life was the position of "choregos.
Choregoi paid for everything from staff salaries to sets, special effects, and music. In , Pericles funded and produced the Aeschylus play "The Persians. Pericles also gained the office of military archon or strategos , which is usually translated into English as a military general. Pericles was elected strategos in , and remained in that role for the next 29 years.
In the s, the Helots rebelled against the Spartans who asked for help from Athens. In response to Sparta's request for help, Athens' leader Cimon led troops into Sparta. The Spartans sent them back, probably fearing the effects of Athenian democratic ideas on their own government. Cimon had favored Athens' oligarchic adherents.
The years from to B. Pericles was the son of Xanthippus, a statesman and general of an upper class family probably the Bouzygae , and Agariste, a niece of the famous statesman Cleisthenes, the leader of a powerful clan, the Alcmeonidae. Pericles inherited great wealth; as a young man, he put up the money for the costly production of Aeschylus's play The Persae in B.
Pericles received the best education available, studying music under Damon and mathematics under Zeno of Elea. His greatest influence was a scholar named Anaxagoras, who taught him how to make speeches and was a model of the calm style that Pericles would use in politics. In his pursuit of a public career, Pericles chose to speak out in favor of a more advanced democracy.
Pericles became prominent in the Assembly, where he called for constitutional reform. He worked closely with Ephialtes, an older and more established leader of democratic views. They were both elected generals sometime before In — they decided to attack Cimon, a leading conservative one who believes in maintaining things as they are and the most powerful of the generals in office, by accusing him of bribery.
However, he was cleared of the charges. Later, Sparta's appeals to Athens for help against an uprising there were granted on the advice of Cimon and against the advice of Ephialtes. When the Athenian army under Cimon's command arrived to help, Spartan leaders changed their minds and dismissed them. This insulting treatment enraged the people of Athens and disgraced Cimon.
While Cimon and the army were off to help Sparta in , Ephialtes and Pericles carried out their extreme democratic reforms, stripping the Areopagus Council of all constitutional powers and making the authority of the Assembly and the Heliaea people's courts absolute. The vote resulted in the complete loss of power for the old noble council, Areopagus.
Cimon, the conservative Athenian leader whose policy it was to maintain friendly relations with Sparta, was exiled. To many historians, these events marked the true beginning of Athenian democracy. Pericles quickly seized the helm, organizing democratic institutions throughout the city and in becoming the ruler of Athens—a title he would hold until his death.
The period from to is in fact often referred to as the Age of Pericles in Ancient Greek history.
Over the course of his leadership, Pericles organized the construction of the Acropolis and the Parthenon in Athens. He also led several crucial military missions. Among them were Athens' recapture of Delphi from the Spartans in , the Athenian Navy's siege on Samos during the Samian War, and the misfortunate invasion of Megara in , which ended in Athens' defeat and ultimately its ruination.
The Biography. We have worked as daily newspaper reporters, major national magazine editors, and as editors-in-chief of regional media publications. In any case, seeing the pillage of their farms, the Athenians were outraged, and they soon began to indirectly express their discontent towards their leader, who many of them considered to have drawn them into the war.
Even when in the face of mounting pressure, Pericles did not give in to the demands for immediate action against the enemy or revise his initial strategy. He also avoided convening the ecclesia, fearing that the populace, outraged by the unopposed ravaging of their farms, might rashly decide to challenge the vaunted Spartan army in the field.
According to the most stringent provision of the decree, even proposing a different use of the money or ships would entail the penalty of death. During the autumn of BC, Pericles led the Athenian forces that invaded Megara and a few months later winter of — BC he delivered his monumental and emotional Funeral Oration , honoring the Athenians who died for their city.
For heroes have the whole earth for their tomb; and in lands far from their own, where the column with its epitaph declares it, there is enshrined in every breast a record unwritten with no tablet to preserve it, except that of the heart. In BC, the army of Sparta looted Attica for a second time, but Pericles was not daunted and refused to revise his initial strategy.
Nevertheless, within just a year, in BC, the Athenians not only forgave Pericles but also re-elected him as strategos. His morale undermined, overwhelmed with grief, Pericles wept copiously for his loss and not even the companionship of Aspasia could console him. He himself died of the plague later in the year.
Just before his death, Pericles' friends were concentrated around his bed, enumerating his virtues during peace and underscoring his nine war trophies. Pericles, though moribund, heard them and interrupted them, pointing out that they forgot to mention his fairest and greatest title to their admiration; "for", said he, "no living Athenian ever put on mourning because of me".
For men can endure to hear others praised only so long as they can severally persuade themselves of their own ability to equal the actions recounted: when this point is passed, envy comes in and with it incredulity. Pericles, following Athenian custom, was first married to one of his closest relatives, with whom he had two sons, Paralus and Xanthippus , but around BC, Pericles divorced his wife.
He offered her to another husband, with the agreement of her male relatives. After Pericles divorced his wife, he had a long-term relationship with Aspasia of Miletus, with whom he had a son, Pericles the Younger. Even Pericles' son, Xanthippus, who had political ambitions, did not hesitate to slander his father. His sister and both his legitimate sons, Xanthippus and Paralus, died during the Plague of Athens.
Pericles marked a whole era and inspired conflicting judgments about his significant decisions. The fact that he was at the same time a vigorous statesman, general and orator only tends to make an objective assessment of his actions more difficult. Some contemporary scholars call Pericles a populist, a demagogue and a hawk, [ ] while other scholars admire his charismatic leadership.
According to Plutarch, after assuming the leadership of Athens, "he was no longer the same man as before, nor alike submissive to the people and ready to yield and give in to the desires of the multitude as a steersman to the breezes". Thucydides the historian , an admirer of Pericles, maintains that Athens was "in name a democracy but, in fact, governed by its first citizen".
Although Thucydides mentions the fining of Pericles, he does not mention the accusations against Pericles but instead focuses on Pericles' integrity. Thucydides argues that Pericles "was not carried away by the people, but he was the one guiding the people". McGregor and John S. Morrison, proposed that he may have been a charismatic public face acting as an advocate on the proposals of advisors, or the people themselves.
During the Peloponnesian War, Pericles' dependence on popular support to govern was obvious. These glories may incur the censure of the slow and unambitious; but in the breast of energy they will awake emulation, and in those who must remain without them an envious regret. Hatred and unpopularity at the moment have fallen to the lot of all who have aspired to rule others.
For more than 20 years Pericles led many expeditions, mainly naval ones. Being always cautious, he never undertook of his own accord a battle involving much uncertainty and peril and he did not accede to the "vain impulses of the citizens". During the Peloponnesian War, Pericles initiated a defensive " grand strategy " whose aim was the exhaustion of the enemy and the preservation of the status quo.
Critics of Pericles' strategy, however, have been just as numerous as its supporters. A common criticism is that Pericles was always a better politician and orator than strategist. Strauss and Josiah Ober have stated that "as strategist he was a failure and deserves a share of the blame for Athens' great defeat", and Victor Davis Hanson believes that Pericles had not worked out a clear strategy for an effective offensive action that could possibly force Thebes or Sparta to stop the war.
He asserts that since Pericles must have known about these limitations he probably planned for a much shorter war. Knight, conclude that the strategy was too defensive and would not succeed. In contrast, Platias and Koliopoulos reject these criticisms and state that "the Athenians lost the war only when they dramatically reversed the Periclean grand strategy that explicitly disdained further conquests".
Modern commentators of Thucydides , with other modern historians and writers, take varying stances on the issue of how much of the speeches of Pericles, as given by this historian, do actually represent Pericles' own words and how much of them is free literary creation or paraphrase by Thucydides. Although Pericles was a main source of his inspiration, some historians have noted that the passionate and idealistic literary style of the speeches Thucydides attributes to Pericles is completely at odds with Thucydides' own cold and analytical writing style.
That is to say, Thucydides could simply have used two different writing styles for two different purposes. Ioannis Kakridis and Arnold Gomme were two scholars who debated the originality of Pericles' oratory and last speech. Kakridis believes that Thucydides altered Pericles words. Some of his strongest arguments included in the Introduction of the speech, Thuc.
Kagan states that Pericles adopted "an elevated mode of speech, free from the vulgar and knavish tricks of mob-orators" and, according to Diodorus Siculus , he "excelled all his fellow citizens in skill of oratory".
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Gorgias , in Plato's homonymous dialogue, uses Pericles as an example of powerful oratory. Sir Richard C. Jebb concludes that "unique as an Athenian statesman, Pericles must have been in two respects unique also as an Athenian orator; first, because he occupied such a position of personal ascendancy as no man before or after him attained; secondly, because his thoughts and his moral force won him such renown for eloquence as no one else ever got from Athenians".
Ancient Greek writers call Pericles "Olympian" and extol his talents; referring to him "thundering and lightning and exciting Greece" and carrying the weapons of Zeus when orating. Nothing was more alien to the Greeks than the notion of a Separation between church and state. In Athens, the community provided a tight framework for religious manifestations while, symmetrically, religion was deeply embedded in civic life.
Within this context, participation in the rituals was an action highly political in the broadest sense of the term. To analyze Pericles's relations with gods, one has to position oneself at the intersection of the general and the particular, where what was personal and what was shared by the whole community came together.
On the one hand, the career of the strategos will illuminate the Athenians' collective relationship to all that was divine.
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As a reelected strategos and a persuasive orator, Pericles was the spokesman of a civic religion that was undergoing a mutation. He was implicated in a policy of making constant offerings and of launching huge architectural religious works not only on the Acropolis but also throughout Attica; and, furthermore, he was engaged in such activities at a time when city was introducing profound changes into its religious account of its origins—that is, autochthony —within a context of strained diplomatic relations.
On the other hand, the ancient sources made it possible to glimpse the personal relations that Pericles had developed with gods. But then, there were also relations that emphasized distance: some philosophical accounts presented him as a man close to the sophists or even as a freethinker. Finally, there were relations involving irreverence: some later and less trustworthy sources made much of several trials for impiety in which those close to him were involved, and this raises the question of religious tolerance in fifth-century Athens and, in particular, how far individuals enjoyed freedom of thought when faced with the civic community.
Pericles' most visible legacy can be found in the literary and artistic works of the Golden Age, much of which survive to this day. The Acropolis , though in ruins, still stands and is a symbol of modern Athens. Paparrigopoulos wrote that these masterpieces are "sufficient to render the name of Greece immortal in our world".
In politics, Victor L. Ehrenberg argues that a basic element of Pericles' legacy is Athenian imperialism, which denies true democracy and freedom to the people of all but the ruling state. Other analysts maintain an Athenian humanism illustrated in the Golden Age. In , botanist Albert Charles Smith published Periclesia , a monotypic genus of flowering plants from Ecuador belonging to the family Ericaceae and named after Pericles.
In the video game Civilization VI Pericles is one of the two playable leaders for the Greek civilization, the other being Gorgo. In the video game Assassin's Creed Odyssey Pericles's life as a politician and his death are both presented, although his death being from injuries sustained during a violent attack is not historically accurate.
Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item. Athenian statesman, orator and general c.
Pericles biography yahoo people
For other uses, see Pericles disambiguation. Bust of Pericles bearing the inscription "Pericles, son of Xanthippus, Athenian". Marble, Roman copy after a Greek original from c. Early years [ edit ]. Political career until BC [ edit ]. Entering politics [ edit ]. Ostracizing Cimon [ edit ]. Leading Athens [ edit ]. First Peloponnesian War [ edit ].
Main article: First Peloponnesian War. Final battle with the conservatives [ edit ]. Athens' rule over its alliance [ edit ]. Samian War [ edit ]. Main article: Samian War. Personal attacks [ edit ]. Peloponnesian War [ edit ]. Main article: Peloponnesian War. Prelude to the war [ edit ]. First year of the war BC [ edit ]. Last military operations and death [ edit ].
Personal life [ edit ]. Assessments [ edit ].
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Political leadership [ edit ]. Military achievements [ edit ]. Oratorical skill [ edit ]. Pericles and the city gods [ edit ]. Legacy [ edit ]. In popular culture [ edit ].
Yahoo people by address: Pericles (/ ˈ p ɛr ɪ k l iː z /, Ancient Greek: Περικλῆς; c. – BC) was a Greek politician and general during the Golden Age of was prominent and influential in Ancient Athenian politics, particularly between the Greco-Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War, and was acclaimed by Thucydides, a contemporary historian, as "the first citizen of Athens". [1].
See also [ edit ]. Notes [ edit ]. He is not recorded as having taken part in the Persian Wars of —79; some historians argue from this that he was unlikely to have been born before , but this argument ex silentio has also been dismissed. Vlachos underlines, however, that the defeat of Athens could entail a much more ruthless Spartan empire, something that did indeed happen.
Hence, the historian's hinted assertion that Greek public opinion espoused Sparta's pledges of liberating Greece almost uncomplainingly seems tendentious. Jebb, the Thucydidean speeches of Pericles give the general ideas of Pericles with essential fidelity; it is possible, further, that they may contain recorded sayings of his "but it is certain that they cannot be taken as giving the form of the statesman's oratory".
Dobson believes that "though the language is that of the historian, some of the thoughts may be those of the statesman". Sicking argues that "we are hearing the voice of real Pericles", while Ioannis T. Kakridis claims that the Funeral Oration is an almost exclusive creation of Thucydides, since "the real audience does not consist of the Athenians of the beginning of the war, but of the generation of BC, which suffers under the repercussions of the defeat".
Citations [ edit ]. Ruden, Lysistrata , Davies, Athenian propertied families, — BC , In Chisholm, Hugh ed.