Noor ud din zangi son
After securing Damascus in , Nur al-Din turned his attention toward Egypt. Let's explore several reasons why Nur al-Din wanted to take control of Egypt. The Holy cities of Mecca and Medina were heavily reliant on Egypt for trade and commerce. Furthermore, Amalric also understood the wealth that Egypt possessed. During this time, the Crusaders were financially weak and were relentlessly asking for financial aid from Europe.
By taking Egypt, Nur al-Din knew that he could financially cripple the Crusaders and prevent them from launching further military expeditions against the Muslim territories. If the Crusaders managed to take Egypt, they could launch an attack on Mecca and Medina and potentially bring an end to Islam.
Nur al-Din and his father Imad al-Din were very different people; Imad al-Din enjoyed alcohol and lavishness, whereas Nur al-Din did not drink and lived an incredibly pious life. Despite such differences, Nur al-Din sought to oust the Crusaders from Holy territories just like his father had. In many ways, Nur al-Din was forced by circumstance to turn his attention toward Egypt.
Throughout the early s , Egypt had been ruled by a series of young Fatimid caliphs. Such leadership had made Egypt politically weak and vulnerable to invasion. Understanding the importance of Egypt and the perilousness of the situation, Nur al-Din was forced to intervene. Nur al-Din's military endeavours in Egypt were led by Shirkuh , Saladin 's uncle.
Throughout these military expeditions, Saladin acted as one of Shirkuh's lieutenants. During the second campaign when Saladin managed to hold the besieged city of Alexandria from the Crusaders with a vastly inferior force. Shirkuh died in , with Saladin succeeding him as vizier, building a strong power base in Egypt.
Nur al din biography of williams death: Nur al-Din, Muslim ruler who reorganized the armies of Syria and laid the foundations for the success of Saladin. After succeeding his father as ruler of Aleppo, he waged military campaigns against the Crusaders and recaptured Edessa before taking Antioch and Damascus.
In , the Fatimid Caliph died, with Saladin taking control and restoring the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad. Saladin was now the ruler of Egypt and his power equalled that of Nur al-Din. The following three years saw very little correspondence between the pair, implying that Nur al-Din was aware of Saladin's growing influence.
With a showdown inevitable, Nur al-Din died in , leaving control of his lands to his year-old son. Nur al-Din's death created a power vacuum that Saladin would exploit. Throughout his reign, Nur al-Din utilised jihad sentiment to expand his power and territory in the region. Jihad was a fundamental tenet through which Nur al-Din could strengthen his position as a just and pious ruler who deserved the support of the people.
This term means 'striving' or 'struggling' in Arabic. The term refers to both the struggle against the enemies of Islam as well as the spiritual struggle within oneself against sin. The Damascene chronicler Ibn al-Qalanisi generally speaks of Nur ad-Din in majestic terms, although he himself died in , and did not witness the later events of Nur ad-Din's reign.
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Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikisource Wikidata item. Emir of Aleppo — and Damascus — For other people named Nur al-Din, see Nur al-Din. Coinage of Nur al-Din Aleppo mint. Obverse: Two Byzantine-style imperial figures standing facing, holding between them labarum set on three steps; stars, name and titles of Nur al-Din Mahmud, and blundered Greek legends in field.
Nur al-Din Madrasa , Damascus, Syria. War against Crusaders [ edit ]. Unification of sultanate [ edit ]. This section needs additional citations for verification.
Nur al din biography of williams
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Conquest of Egypt [ edit ]. Main article: Crusader invasion of Egypt. Death and succession [ edit ]. Legacy [ edit ]. In popular culture [ edit ]. Notes [ edit ]. References [ edit ]. American Numismatic Society.
Archived from the original on 16 March Retrieved 16 March The crusades through Arab eyes. Internet Archive. New York : Schocken Books. ISBN Archived from the original on 14 March The atlas of the Crusades. New York : Facts on File. The Fatimids 2: The Rule from Egypt. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Nur al din biography of williams college
Find Out More. Review Questions. Related Terms. He was known for implementing significant administrative reforms and promoting religious scholarship, which helped to strengthen his rule and the unity of Muslim factions. Nur ad-Din focused on military campaigns aimed at reclaiming territories lost to the Crusaders, including successful sieges and battles that enhanced his reputation as a leader.
He is credited with fostering alliances among various Muslim leaders, which was crucial in creating a united front against the Crusaders during his reign. His legacy laid the groundwork for Saladin's later successes, particularly in the unification of Muslim forces and the recapture of Jerusalem. Review Questions How did Nur ad-Din's leadership contribute to the unification of Muslim forces against the Crusaders?
Here he was attacked by a severe illness early in October, and after giving instructions that in the event of his death his brother Nusrat-ad-Din should be his successor at Aleppo, with Shirkuh as his lieutenant at Damascus, he withdrew to the citadel of Aleppo. Amidst the confusion which followed, Shirkuh moved south to protect Damascus.
The rest of the army was temporarily disorganized, and the crusaders, reinforced by Toros and his Armenians, advanced on Shaizar without opposition. But the Assassins of Masyaf had long coveted its possession and seized the opportunity first; their stubborn defense of the citadel gave time for disputes to break out between the Frankish leaders, and the enterprise was abandoned.
Meanwhile, in Aleppo itself the Shiites, thirsting to escape from the severe control of Nur-ad-Din, had, after extracting from Nusrat-ad-Din promises in their favor, forced the city gates, and organized a violent demonstration against the governor of the citadel, Ibn-ad- Dayah. But ocular proof that Nur-ad-Din was still alive was enough to quell the disturbance, and Nusrat-ad-Din was dispatched as governor to Harran.
Shirkuh had lately rejoined Nur-ad-Din at Aleppo, apparently with the object of reorganizing the Zengid forces, but his absence gave an opening to raiders from the kingdom of Jerusalem, who ravaged the country south of Damascus with impunity. In early spring, however, while contingents from Egypt began an extensive series of raids in the south of Palestine, Nur-ad-Din and Shirkuh returned from Aleppo and, after a raid on Sidon by the latter, joined forces in an attack on the stronghold called Habis Jaldak , on the south bank of the Yarmuk river in May.
His proposals for an armistice having been rejected, Nur-ad-Din remained at Damascus, continuing the negotiations with the Egyptian vizier, but again fell seriously ill at the close of the year. Although Manuel had already opened communications with Nur-ad-Din, his entry into Antioch at the end of March and the subsequent advance of the combined Greek and Latin forces to Imm made it necessary to neglect no precautions.
But Manuel had little reason to desire the destruction of Nur-ad-Din's power, wishing rather to utilize him, negatively, to hold the Latins in check in Syria, and, positively, as an ally against Kilij Arslan in Anatolia. The immediate advantages which accrued to Nur-ad-Din from this situation were limited to the occupation of Raban , Kesoun , Behesni , and Marash while Kilij Arslan was engaged against the emperor and the Denishmendid Yaghi-Basan , in the course of But in spite of the confusion which resulted from this in Antioch, Nur-ad-Din seems to have been unable to turn it to profit, and indeed after some raiding, he concluded an armistice with Baldwin.
Either before or after this, however, he made an attack on Harim, which was repulsed by a combined force of Latins, Greeks, and Armenians, but succeeded in recovering Arzghan , which had been retaken earlier by Reginald. But the course of events in Egypt set him a new, and even embarrassing, problem.
When Shavar , driven out by Dirgam in August , appealed for military assistance to reinstate him, Nur-ad-Din, already burdened with the task of maintaining his extensive territories with relatively small forces, hesitated. Shirkuh set out late in April accompanied by his nephew Saladin, and defeated and killed Dirgam under the walls of Cairo in August.
At length Amalric agreed to treat; Shirkuh , already hard-pressed, consented to evacuate the town and return to Syria, and his withdrawal in October was followed by that of the Franks. Although his first diversionary raid towards Tripoli had ended in the all-but-total destruction of his force at Krak des Chevaliers Hisn al- Akrad in May, he had immediately called for and received substantial reinforcements from Mosul and the Artukid princes of Hisn Kaifa and Mardin , and with these he renewed the attack on Harim.
All the available forces from Tripoli and Antioch, together with the Armenians and Greeks from Cilicia, rallied to its defense, but were drawn into battle and totally defeated in the plain of Artah at the beginning of August The surrender of Harim followed in a few days. Nur-ad-Din, anxious to avoid drawing the Greeks into the defense of Antioch, and hoping to utilize the opportunity of Humphrey's absence in Egypt, with Amalric, dismissed the Mesopotamians and made a surprise march on Banyas.
The garrison, deprived of all hope of relief, surrendered the castle on October 18, and the victory was signalized by an agreement to divide the revenues of Tiberias. But the continued evidences of Byzantine interest in Antioch deterred him from further military activities in the north, and led to a rapprochement with sultan Kilij Arslan, to whom he restored Behesni , Kesoun , and Marash in or Minor raids were probably undertaken in central Syria, and the Damascus troops under Shirkuh captured two cave strongholds, one near Sidon and the other cast of the Jordan.
But on the whole it seems clear that Nur-ad-Din was biding his time, and watching with caution and possibly with anxiety the course of events both as between Latins and Greeks and in Mosul.
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Here his young and feckless brother Qutb-ad-Din had dismissed and imprisoned the vizier Jamal-ad-Din in the summer of The removal of his strong and experienced hand had created new tensions at Mosul, which the commandant, Ali Kuchuk , was unable to control. His place at Mosul was taken by a white mamluk of Zengi's , Fakhr-ad-Din Abd-al- Massib , under whom matters continued to deteriorate.
Shirkuh's and Amalric's return, and dissensions between the troops of Aleppo and Mosul, brought the campaign to an end, and Nur-ad- Dln made over Raqqa to Qutb-ad-Din, who occupied it on the way back. In the following spring the rebellion of a governor — a rare event in Nur-ad-Din's career — involved an expedition to Manbij to displace him and a personal intervention at Edessa.
For many months, in spite of promises and threats, the Uqailid refused to surrender his fortress, which withstood alt the assaults of the Aleppo armies, but finally consented to exchange it for Saruj and other fiefs, and it was made over in October to Majd -ad-Din Ibn-ad- Dayah. With this conquest Nur-ad-Din put an end to the last of the independent principalities in northern Syria and became fully master of the territories to the west of the principality of Mosul.
Only a few weeks later he received the urgent appeal from the Fatimid caliph and the vizir Shavar which led to Shirkuh's third and final expedition to Egypt. Its addition, in January , to the list of provinces which acknowledged him as sultan or as suzerain seemed to be the apogee of Nur-ad- Dln's career.