Life and works of rizal summary
Katigbak described Rivera as having been greatly affected by Rizal's departure, and frequently sick because of insomnia. Before Rizal returned to the Philippines on August 5, , Rivera and her family had moved back to Dagupan, Pangasinan. Rizal's father forbade the young man to see Rivera in order to avoid putting her family in danger.
Rizal wanted to marry Rivera while he was still in the Philippines because she had been so faithful to him. Rizal asked permission from his father one more time before his second departure from the Philippines, but he never met her again. In , Rizal stopped receiving letters from Rivera for a year, although he continued to write to her.
Rivera's mother favored an Englishman named Henry Kipping, a railway engineer who fell in love with Rivera. His European friends kept almost everything he gave them, including doodlings on pieces of paper. In her diary, she said Rizal had regaled them with his wit, social graces, and sleight-of-hand tricks.
In London, during his research on Antonio de Morga 's writings, he became a regular guest in the home of Reinhold Rost of the British Museum , who referred to him as "a gem of a man. They were ultimately bequeathed to the Rizal family to form a treasure trove of memorabilia. She had accompanied her blind adoptive father, George Taufer, to have his eyes checked by Rizal.
They applied to marry but, because of Rizal's reputation from his writings and political stance, the local priest Father Obach would hold the ceremony only if Rizal could get permission from the Bishop of Cebu. As Rizal refused to return to practicing Catholicism, the bishop refused permission for an ecclesiastical marriage.
After accompanying her father to Manila on her return to Hong Kong, and before heading back to Dapitan to live with Rizal, Josephine introduced herself to members of Rizal's family in Manila. His mother suggested a civil marriage , which she believed to be a lesser sacrament but less sinful to Rizal's conscience than making any sort of political retraction in order to gain permission from the Bishop.
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The couple had a son, but he lived only a few hours. Rizal named him after his father Francisco. In , Rizal, 29, left Paris for Brussels as he was preparing for the publication of his annotations of Antonio de Morga 's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas He lived in the boarding house of the sisters, Catherina and Suzanna Jacoby, who had a niece Suzanna "Thil" , age Historian Gregorio F.
Zaide says that Rizal had "his romance with Suzanne Jacoby, 45, the petite niece of his landladies. Rizal's Brussels stay was short-lived; he moved to Madrid, giving the young Suzanna a box of chocolates. She wrote to him in French: "After your departure, I did not take the chocolate. The box is still intact as on the day of your parting.
Don't delay too long writing us because I wear out the soles of my shoes for running to the mailbox to see if there is a letter from you. There will never be any home in which you are so loved as in that in Brussels, so, you little bad boy, hurry up and come back…" [ 40 ] In , Slachmuylders' group arranged for an historical marker honoring Rizal to be placed at the house.
He discussed the significance of Palm Sunday in socio-political terms:. That triumph, those hosannas, all those flowers, those olive branches, were not for Jesus alone; they were the songs of the victory of the new law, they were the canticles celebrating the dignification of man, the liberty of man, the first mortal blow directed against despotism and slavery".
Shortly after its publication, Rizal was summoned by the German police, who suspected him of being a French spy. For the latter, he used funds borrowed from his friends. These writings angered both the Spanish colonial elite and many educated Filipinos due to their symbolism. They are critical of Spanish friars and the power of the Church. Rizal's friend Ferdinand Blumentritt , a professor and historian born in Austria-Hungary, wrote that the novel's characters were drawn from life and that every episode could be repeated on any day in the Philippines.
Blumentritt was the grandson of the Imperial Treasurer at Vienna in the former Austro-Hungarian Empire and a staunch defender of the Catholic faith. As Blumentritt had warned, these books resulted in Rizal's being prosecuted as the inciter of revolution. He was eventually tried by the military, convicted, and executed. His books were thought to contribute to the Philippine Revolution of , but other forces had also been building for it.
As leader of the reform movement of Filipino students in Spain, Rizal contributed essays, allegories , poems, and editorials to the Spanish newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona in this case Rizal used pen names, "Dimasalang", "Laong Laan" and "May Pagasa". The core of his writings centers on liberal and progressive ideas of individual rights and freedom; specifically, rights for the Filipino people.
He shared the same sentiments with members of the movement: Rizal wrote that the people of the Philippines were battling "a double-faced Goliath"—corrupt friars and bad government. His commentaries reiterate the following agenda: [ note 8 ]. The colonial authorities in the Philippines did not favor these reforms. In , a rivalry developed between Rizal and Marcelo H.
Wenceslao Retana , a political commentator in Spain, had slighted Rizal by writing an insulting article in La Epoca , a newspaper in Madrid. He implied that Rizal's family and friends had been evicted from their lands in Calamba for not having paid their due rents. The incident when Rizal was ten stemmed from an accusation that Rizal's mother, Teodora , tried to poison the wife of a cousin, but she said she was trying to help.
With the approval of the Church prelates, and without a hearing, she was ordered to prison in Santa Cruz in She was forced to walk the 10 miles 16 km from Calamba. She was released after two-and-a-half years of appeals to the highest court. They initiated litigation that resulted in the Dominicans' evicting them and the Rizal family from their homes.
General Valeriano Weyler had the tenant buildings on the farm torn down. Upon reading the article, Rizal sent a representative to challenge Retana to a duel. Retana published a public apology and later became one of Rizal's biggest admirers. Upon his return to Manila in , he formed a civic movement called La Liga Filipina. The league advocated these moderate social reforms through legal means, but was disbanded by the governor.
At that time, he had already been declared an enemy of the state by the Spanish authorities because of the publication of his novel. Rizal was implicated in the activities of the nascent rebellion and in July , was deported to Dapitan in the province of Zamboanga , a peninsula of Mindanao. The boys' school, which taught in Spanish, and included English as a foreign language considered a prescient if unusual option then was conceived by Rizal and antedated Gordonstoun with its aims of inculcating resourcefulness and self-sufficiency in young men.
The task was resumed by Fray Pastells , a prominent member of the Order.
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In a letter to Pastells, Rizal sails close to the deism familiar to us today. We are entirely in accord in admitting the existence of God. How can I doubt His when I am convinced of mine. Who so recognizes the effect recognizes the cause. To doubt God is to doubt one's own conscience, and in consequence, it would be to doubt everything; and then what is life for?
Now then, my faith in God, if the result of a ratiocination may be called faith, is blind, blind in the sense of knowing nothing. I neither believe nor disbelieve the qualities which many attribute to Him; before theologians' and philosophers' definitions and lucubrations of this ineffable and inscrutable being I find myself smiling.
Faced with the conviction of seeing myself confronting the supreme Problem, which confused voices seek to explain to me, I cannot but reply: 'It could be'; but the God that I foreknow is far more grand, far more good: Plus Supra! I believe in revelation ; but not in revelation or revelations which each religion or religions claim to possess.
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Examining them impartially, comparing them and scrutinizing them, one cannot avoid discerning the human 'fingernail' and the stamp of the time in which they were written No, let us not make God in our image, poor inhabitants that we are of a distant planet lost in infinite space. However, brilliant and sublime our intelligence may be, it is scarcely more than a small spark which shines and in an instant is extinguished, and it alone can give us no idea of that blaze, that conflagration, that ocean of light.
I believe in revelation, but in that living revelation which surrounds us on every side, in that voice, mighty, eternal, unceasing, incorruptible, clear, distinct, universal as is the being from whom it proceeds, in that revelation which speaks to us and penetrates us from the moment we are born until we die.
What books can better reveal to us the goodness of God, His love, His providence, His eternity, His glory, His wisdom? His best friend, professor Ferdinand Blumentritt , kept him in touch with European friends and fellow-scientists who wrote a stream of letters which arrived in Dutch, French, German and English and which baffled the censors, delaying their transmittal.
Those four years of his exile coincided with the development of the Philippine Revolution from inception and to its final breakout, which, from the viewpoint of the court which was to try him, suggested his complicity in it. He is known to making the resolution of bearing personal sacrifice instead of the incoming revolution, believing that a peaceful stand is the best way to avoid further suffering in the country and loss of Filipino lives.
In Rizal's own words, "I consider myself happy for being able to suffer a little for a cause which I believe to be sacred [ I believe further that in any undertaking, the more one suffers for it, the surer its success. If this be fanaticism may God pardon me, but my poor judgment does not see it as such. In Dapitan, Rizal wrote "Haec Est Sibylla Cumana", a parlor-game for his students, with questions and answers for which a wooden top was used.
In , Jean Paul Verstraeten traced this book and the wooden top, as well as Rizal's personal watch, spoon and salter.
By , the rebellion fomented by the Katipunan , a militant secret society, had become a full-blown revolution , proving to be a nationwide uprising. Rizal and Josephine left Dapitan on August 1, , with letter of recommendation from Blanco. Rizal was arrested en route to Cuba via Spain and was imprisoned in Barcelona on October 6, He was sent back the same day to Manila to stand trial as he was implicated in the revolution through his association with members of the Katipunan.
During the entire passage, he was unchained, no Spaniard laid a hand on him, and had many opportunities to escape but refused to do so. While imprisoned in Fort Santiago , he issued a manifesto disavowing the current revolution in its present state and declaring that the education of Filipinos and their achievement of a national identity were prerequisites to freedom.
Rizal was tried before a court-martial for rebellion , sedition and conspiracy , and was convicted on all three charges and sentenced to death. Blanco, who was sympathetic to Rizal, had been forced out of office. Moments before his execution on December 30, , by a squad of Filipino soldiers of the Spanish Army, a backup force of regular Spanish Army troops stood ready to shoot the executioners should they fail to obey orders.
Aware of this, the sergeant commanding the backup force hushed his men to silence when they began raising "vivas" with the highly partisan crowd of Peninsular and Mestizo Spaniards. His last words were those of Jesus Christ : " consummatum est " — "it is finished. A day before, Rizal's mother pleaded with the authorities to have Rizal's body placed under her family's custody as per Rizal's wish; this was unheeded but was later granted by Manuel Luengo, the civil governor of Manila.
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This instruction was followed by another, "Look in my shoes", in which another item was secreted. Rizal's execution, as well as those of other political dissidents mostly anarchist in Barcelona was ultimately invoked by Michele Angiolillo , an Italian anarchist, when he assassinated Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Canovas del Castillo.
Rizal's sister Narcisa toured all possible gravesites only for her efforts to end in vain. On one day, she visited Paco Cemetery and discovered guards posted at its gate, later finding Luengo, accompanied by two army officers, standing around a freshly-dug grave covered with earth, which she assumed to be that of her brother's, on the reason that there had never been any ground burials at the site.
After realizing that Rizal was buried in the spot, she made a gift to the caretaker and requested him to place a marble slab inscribed with "RPJ", Rizal's initials in reverse. In August , a few days after the Americans took Manila, Narcisa secured the consent of the American authorities to retrieve Rizal's remains. During the exhumation, it was then revealed that Rizal was not buried in a coffin but was wrapped in cloth before being dumped in the grave; his burial was not on sanctified ground granted to the 'confessed' faithful.
The identity of the remains further confirmed by both the black suit and the shoes, both worn by Rizal on his execution, but whatever was in his shoes had disintegrated. Following the exhumation, the remains were brought to the Rizal household in Binondo , where they were washed and cleaned before being placed in an ivory urn made by Romualdo Teodoro de los Reyes de Jesus.
The urn remained in the household until December 28, On December 29, , the urn was transferred from Binondo to the Marble Hall of the Ayuntamiento de Manila , the municipal building, in Intramuros where it remained on public display from a. The public was given the chance to see the urn. The next day, in a solemn procession, the urn began its last journey from the Ayuntamiento to its last resting place in a spot in Bagumbayan now renamed as Luneta , where the Rizal Monument would be built.
In a simultaneous ceremony, the corner stone for the Rizal monument was placed and the Rizal Monument Commission was created, headed by Tomas G. Del Rosario. A year later, on December 30, , the monument, designed and made by Swiss sculptor Richard Kissling , was inaugurated. His works have since been translated into a number of languages including Tagalog and English.
Rizal also tried his hand at painting and sculpture. His most famous sculptural work was The Triumph of Science over Death , a clay sculpture of a naked young woman with overflowing hair, standing on a skull while bearing a torch held high. The woman symbolized the ignorance of humankind during the Dark Ages, while the torch she bore symbolized the enlightenment science brings over the whole world.
He sent the sculpture as a gift to his dear friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, together with another one named The Triumph of Death over Life. The woman is shown trampling the skull, a symbol of death, to signify the victory the humankind achieved by conquering the bane of death through their scientific advancements. Rizal is also noted to be a carver and sculptor who made works from clay, plaster-of-Paris , and baticuling wood , the last being his preferred medium.
Rizal is known to have made 56 sculptural works, but only 18 of these are known to be still existing as of Several historians report that Rizal retracted his anti-Catholic ideas through a document which stated: "I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings, publications and conduct have been contrary to my character as a son of the Catholic Church.
After analyzing six major documents of Rizal, Ricardo Pascual concluded that the retraction document, said to have been discovered in , was not in Rizal's handwriting. Senator Rafael Palma , a former President of the University of the Philippines and a prominent Mason , argued that a retraction is not in keeping with Rizal's character and mature beliefs.
Schumacher , [ 88 ] Antonio M. Molina, [ 89 ] Paul Dumol [ 90 ] and Austin Craig. Del Rosario, both of UP. Historians also refer to 11 eyewitnesses when Rizal wrote his retraction, signed a Catholic prayer book, and recited Catholic prayers, and the multitude who saw him kiss the crucifix before his execution.
A great grand nephew of Rizal, Fr. Marciano Guzman , cites that Rizal's 4 confessions were certified by 5 eyewitnesses, 10 qualified witnesses, 7 newspapers, and 12 historians and writers including Aglipayan bishops, Masons and anti-clericals. Because of what he sees as the strength these direct evidence have in the light of the historical method , in contrast with merely circumstantial evidence , UP professor emeritus of history Nicolas Zafra called the retraction "a plain unadorned fact of history.
Balaguer, the visits of his mentors and friends from the Ateneo, and the grace of God due the numerous prayers of religious communities. Supporters see in the retraction Rizal's "moral courage Diokno stated at a human rights lecture, "Surely whether Rizal died as a Catholic or an apostate adds or detracts nothing from his greatness as a Filipino Catholic or Mason, Rizal is still Rizal — the hero who courted death 'to prove to those who deny our patriotism that we know how to die for our duty and our beliefs'.
It first appeared in print not in Manila but in Hong Kong in , when a copy of the poem and an accompanying photograph came to J. Braga who decided to publish it in a monthly journal he edited. There was a delay when Braga, who greatly admired Rizal, wanted a good facsimile of the photograph and sent it to be engraved in London, a process taking well over two months.
Thus, the Jesuit Balaguer's anonymous account of the retraction and the marriage to Josephine was published in Barcelona before word of the poem's existence had reached him and he could revise what he had written. Six years after his death, when the Philippine Organic Act of was being debated in the United States Congress, Representative Henry Cooper of Wisconsin rendered an English translation of Rizal's valedictory poem capped by the peroration, "Under what clime or what skies has tyranny claimed a nobler victim?
This was a major breakthrough for a U. Congress that had yet to grant the equal rights to African Americans guaranteed to them in the U. Constitution and at a time the Chinese Exclusion Act was still in effect. It created the Philippine legislature, appointed two Filipino delegates to the U. Congress, extended the U.
Bill of Rights to Filipinos and laid the foundation for an autonomous government. The colony was on its way to independence. This same poem, which has inspired independence activists across the region and beyond, was recited in its Indonesian translation by Rosihan Anwar by Indonesian soldiers of independence before going into battle.
Imus came under threat of recapture that the operation was moved, with Bracken, to Maragondon , the mountain redoubt in Cavite. He returned to the Philippines in but was exiled due to his desire for reform. Although he supported peaceful change, Rizal was convicted of sedition and executed on December 30, , at age In , he traveled to Spain to complete his medical degree.
The book was banned in the Philippines, though copies were smuggled in.
Autobiography of benjamin franklin: José Rizal (born June 19, , Calamba, Philippines—died December 30, , Manila) was a patriot, physician, and man of letters who was an inspiration to the Philippine nationalist movement. The son of a prosperous landowner, Rizal was educated in Manila and at the University of Madrid.
Because of this novel, Rizal's return to the Philippines in was cut short when he was targeted by police. Rizal returned to Europe and continued to write, releasing his follow-up novel, El Filibusterismo The Reign of Greed in He also published articles in La Solidaridad , a paper aligned with the Propaganda Movement. The reforms Rizal advocated for did not include independence—he called for equal treatment of Filipinos, limiting the power of Spanish friars and representation for the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes Spain's parliament.
As a boy, Rizal developed a curious ability to recognize things that were worthwhile. Only few families in Rizal's time could afford a big rectangular house of adobe and hardwood as the Mercados did. When Jose was still 11 years old, a great disaster had overtaken their family. When her mother Teodora Alonso had been arrested and thrown into the common jail.
She was imprisoned for two and a half years. This even influenced the whole life of the young Jose. Later, Jose Rizal would go to study in private schools and go to the university and finish his courses abroad. Jose took the required entrance examination at Letran on the 10th of June Passing all the qualifying test entitled him to admission at the Ateneo.
Following in his life, Jose would take up a course in medicine to help her mother whose health is starting to decline. But he would find that medicine was not his real vocational passion. While Jose was studying in college, he met Sgunda Katigbak his first ever love, a Batanguena with eyes that were eloquent and rosy-cheeked, with an enchanting and provocative smile that revealed very beautiful teeth, and the air of a sylph.
Though their love didn't last for long because she was about to marry someone else. However, Segunda was not the only girl he knew. Jose also followed a eventful college life that were full of people regardless of status and nationality that shared the same interests and diversions, outrageous jokes, fine enthusiasms for whatever cause struck their fancy.
Rizal has also tried fencing and also shown his talent for sculptures. H even started taking singing lessons but soon discovers that he definitely had no ears for music. Rizal's education in Europe and Racial Discrimination After all the literary triumphs that Rizal experienced, he wanted to test his mettle abroad Driven by his thirst for knowledge and desire to uplift his fellow Filipinos, Rizal pursued further education in Europe.
Guerrero vividly depicts Rizal's experiences studying in Madrid, Paris, and Heidelberg, where he encountered racial discrimination and prejudice. These encounters shaped Rizal's growing nationalism and motivated him to fight for the rights of his fellow countrymen. He reflects on the injustices faced by his family, notably the wrongful imprisonment of his mother and the oppressive environment under Spanish rule.
Highlighting his literary pursuits and educational journey, the book also reveals Rizal's deep patriotism and his vision for the Philippines. His captured thoughts on labor, ethics, and national identity resonate throughout, making this work not only a chronicle of his life but also a profound commentary on the Filipino experience during a critical juncture in history.
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